How successful is the EU in providing a regional response to the Essay

How successful is the EU in providing a regional response to the problems arising from globalisation - Essay Example e the United States, Canada and Mexico share NAFTA, the North American Free-Trade Agreement, much of Western, Central, and now Eastern Europe subscribes to the tenants of economic and political integration through what is arguably one of the most potent transnational organizations in the world, the European Union. The EU today has more than two dozen members and is in the process of further expansion. Will Turkey one day join the European nation of families? Will Serbia, the largest state of the former Yugoslavia, regain the favor of Western Europe and one day become a full-fledged member of the European Union? To what extent has the European Union been successful in providing a regional response to the problems arising from globalization? Globalisation has provided increased political pressures for the EU to expand and this arguably is the major challenge that it has faced over the past 20 years (Fierke & Wiener, 1999, 44-46). Seeking to analyse the EU’s pressures to expand i n a globalised world, the following aims to address how the EU has responded in a holistic fashion to expansion in an era globalisation. Created following the tumultuous events of the Second World War, the European Economic Community was an important precursor for the establishment of the European Union. Accordingly, the European Union is an international organization which is estimated to generate 30% of the worlds total Gross Domestic Product (Almond et al, 2002, 100). As an economic powerhouse with significant stature on the global stage, the European Union is presently in the process of increasing its membership and aims for near total European integration in the political, judicial, economic and social spheres (Almond et al, 2002, 101). The evolution of the European Union has occurred in tandem with the globalisation of the world community and the EU has fundamentally changed in composition since its inception. Accordingly, since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the EU has

iPhone 6 Essay Example for Free

iPhone 6 Essay Apple working on 4. 7-and-5. 7-inch iPhones for 2014 Reuters cites ‘four people with knowledge of the matter’ and as well as claiming the larger display models under consideration they also point to cheaper variants being considered too. Again, we have heard whispers of a budget iPhone for a very long time. Apple is said to be considering such products for the usually cited reason: Samsung. The report suggests Apple is starting to think it needs a broader product portfolio to compete with the Samsung. Apple’s thoughts on the subject are said to include the idea of introducing both 4. -inch and 5. 7-inch iPhone variants in 2014. Asian supply networks claim suppliers have been approached by Apple on the subject of larger smartphone display panels. At present, it’s quite normal to see any rumour surrounding Apple’s next iPhone to be pegged for both the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 6, such is the uncertainty. However, it’s also true that a few select rumours have been aimed at just the iPhone 6 specifically, particularly in cases which suggest the iPhone 6 will come on its own, later, and after a separate and distinct iPhone 5S launch. With the news that Apple is now actively looking into larger display sizes for its iPhone, T3 has created a rather awesome concept video detailing what the end result might look like. Featuring a 5. 7-inch 1080p display and Apple’s A7 chipset, the iPhone 6 concept is one of the best we’ve seen to-date. It also outlines many of the benefits – better gaming, video, and web browsing – that are associated with having a larger screen. The video concept compares the iPhone 6 to the iPhone 5, hinting at how Apple could modify the design of its existing handset to accommodate a larger 5. -inch display. The video even references Apple’s white-background video style in a bid to further suspend belief that what you’re looking at is indeed an official Apple product (FYI – this is definitely not an official Apple video). Whether we’ll one day see an iPhone of this size remains to be seen – 5. 7-inches does seem like quite a jump from the 4-inch iPhone 5. That said, Apple is rumoured to be in talks about producing a suitably larger iPhone for release sometime in 2014. Reuters says this handset will be the iPhone 6. Apple’s next flagship, the iPhone S, is expected to carry much the same design as 2012’s iPhone 5. It’ll keep the same 4-inch display and premium chassis but see some of the internal specs and hardware updated. iPhone 6 Hardware The most recent, and arguably most prominent rumour surrounding the iPhone 6 points to the idea that it’ll feature a next-gen Apple A7 processor, which may or may not, be a quad-core model. The story goes that Apple is soon to begin work on the 20 nanometre A7 chip with the help of TSMC, but that it won’t be ready for production until the first quarter of 2014. In the meantime we’ll be treated to an iPhone 5S on an A6 chip, or possibly an A6X. This does sit with some rumours which say the iPhone 5S will land in June or July, though equally similar rumours claim the model which arrives this summer will be the iPhone 6, which in turn would imply it’ll be the one toting the A6 or A6x chip. Other reports say Apple has been in talks with Intel over a possible manufacturing deal. It’s not clear whether Intel would simply fabricate Apple’s ARM-based designs or if it would create a completely new Intel-based chipset for the iPhone 6. Apple’s iPhone 6 was also name-dropped in reports about next-generation hardware carrying new 5G Wi-Fi and Bluetooth chips, suggesting it’ll hook up to nearby routers and remote devices at much faster speeds. It’s expected the iPhone 6 would have the same storage options as its predecessors – 16GB, 32GB or 64GB with no microSD slot. Could we see a 128GB version, too? Maybe although very little has been said about this aspect so far. A camera upgrade is possible and we could see a 13-megapixel sensor, although there’s some suggestion Apple will stick to 8-megapixels and simply improve the aperture, sensor array and capture features. Allegedly Apple has scheduled to have components for the next iPhone shipped by the end of May in order to hit the Q3 target. It will apparently have an improved processor, which could be the A6X chip found in the iPad 4. The camera will also be updated to a higher megapixel rating, presumably 13-megapixels. The latest rumour suggests a 16-megapixel sensor though.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy on Education Statement

Philosophy of Education The field of teaching is one of undoubted complexity that has questioned the nature of students, knowledge, and education since the beginning of time. Due to the dynamic and controversial quality of this area, it is necessary for a prospective teacher to develop his or her personal philosophy of education, whether it is a hodge-podge of several standard examples or one clear viewpoint. My own philosophy derives from a little bit of each of the five basic philosophies with essentialism marginally coming on top and existentialism representing the least of my teaching attitudes. These aspects influence my personal views of the nature of students and knowledge, and the purpose of education, what I think will be my methodology of teaching, and how I feel about what should be included in curriculum and why. In order to be an objective, encouraging teacher, I believe that the students should be viewed in the best light as possible. Rousseau’s theory of the "noble savage" exemplifies this point that people are basically good. Although religiously speaking, I have been taught the sinful nature of humans, I cannot hold this against my students as free will provides the stipulation that people do will do what they want to do. Therefore, guidance is important to steer students toward desirable qualities such as appreciation for learning and responsibility. This guidance should accompany the mindset of giving them the benefit of the doubt. If a teacher starts classes thinking the students are naturally difficult and reluctant to learn, the outcome of achievement does not bode well, according to the Pygmalion effect. Thus my view of student nature combines the notion of the presumed receptive student and the beha... ...in preparation for the future and unforeseen circumstances. It is true that plans may change, but a guideline is helpful at this point to ensure the right steps are being taken toward my desired goals. I do not mean for my educational philosophy to be so confusing or contradictory by including so many mixed elements. But, right now, I do not want to discredit any principles that I find remotely noteworthy that may end up being crucial components of my approach. In addition, I sincerely doubt my philosophy will be completely unchanging, even as I embark on my professional career. Nevertheless, I look forward to all the experiences and philosophical exposure that will continue to shape my way of thinking so that I truly can be the best teacher I can be. Works Cited: Woolfolk, A. (2004). Educational Psychology: Ninth Edition. Boston: The Ohio State University.

Patient Interview Essay

There are many components to consider a patient interview to be effective. During the workshop week in Toronto, I have learned those basic yet very essential components through the enactment presented. Firstly, it is really important to establish a good rapport when dealing with patients. A good rapport can create a relationship that is built on trust and commitment. Through this, patient can share private medical information without hesitations. An example of this was when the pharmacist greeted the patient and asked how can she be of help. She also showed empathy when she found out that the patient was in pain and told the patient she’d prepare the prescription right away. Listening is also an essential component. As a health care provider, listening gives the opportunity to know their needs and concerns. Acknowledging what the patient is really saying, maintaining eye contact, and recognizing and using body language are some of the things that I need to consider. If these are all effectively met, I think that this would help patients in becoming more involved with their medications/treatments, thus producing a positive patient outcomes. The probing or the way I ask question to patients also plays a vital role. It is important that I ask questions in a sincere way to obtain needed information or to just simply clarify something. Asking open-ended questions will help elicit relevant answers from the patient and not just â€Å"yes/no† answers. An example would be when she asked for allergies and asked for the specific kind of reaction that she had. Lastly, feedback is a must. Before ending the interview, asking for a feedback will allow me to check if the patient really understands what was taught. . An example of this was when she asked the patient how she would be taking the medication. This will help to reinforce adherence and make the patient to be involved in the treatment, reducing or eliminating chances of non-compliance. Patient interview is very important for a positive treatment outcome. It is not a simple process but I do hope that as I go along, I would be able to utilize all these components and achieve an effective patient interview.

Video Games as Art

Video Games as Art Dylan Armitage December 10th, 2012 100883983 Video Games Are Art Are video games art? Up until the early 21st century, the dominant ideology surrounding this topic is resounding â€Å"No†. Art critics, such as Roger Ebert that state â€Å"video games cannot be art. † (Roger Ebert's Journal), and philosophers continually dismiss the idea. This ideology is no longer an accepted truth. I will argue that video games are a form of art.Video Games have gone from simple games and concepts such as Pong (1975) to modern day, epic titles like Uncharted 3 (2011), and with that they have evolved from simple forms of entertainment to as sophisticated a form of art as any. Video games evoke great emotion from the players, much like the audience of any other form of art. Video games also should be considered a form of art because of the vast amount of tools and media that are combined to create the games that we play today.The list of games that can be considered ar t increases each year and it spans over many generations, consoles, and genres. Art is defined as â€Å"The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination,†. According to this definition, if things such as paintings, film and music are considered to be art, then video games clearly fall into the category as well. Video games today are as creative as anything. Video games allow for so much creative freedom to create any setting, any character and have the ability to interact with all of those and create a new world.Games take creativity and allow you to immerse yourself within it. In games like the series of Mass Effect (2007-2012), you are able to put a certain amount of creative input into the game yourself. You dictate many facets of the game. You can customize your character, whether it be gender, race or just the general way your character looks. Secondly, your decisions affect the world of the game. You can dictate what your character says and through that change the course of events and how other characters in the game think of you. It is essentially a new world.The game includes it's own lore, deals with issues that we deal with today but in a new world and in a more lighthearted fashion that definitely makes the player think. These issues include those of race barriers and the fear of technology taking over. When it comes to actual labour going into a game, it is very similar to that of a film. They include things such as motion capture. Which is essentially capturing the real life movements of someone and that translates to a sort of acting. The second element of that acting is contributed to the voice-over acting for characters.This gives freedom of imagination to match any human with any voice you wish. The list then goes on for ages to include animators, set designers, sound designers and much more. The credits to people at the end of the games are much like that of movies and it all contributes to a fantastically entertai ning piece of art. Many people view games as simply a form of entertainment. While they are indeed entertaining, they should be considered forms of art for many different reasons. Art evokes emotion, whether it be from a beautiful orchestral medley or a gorgeous landscape painting. Video games do the same.In the modern day gaming industry, games are more than just getting from beginning to end and win the game, they involve the player in many ways. In The Walking Dead: The Game (2012), you are put in control of Lee Everett, a former university professor who is on his way to prison. The game is very unorthodox in many ways, it is much less about having action-packed gameplay or incredibly realistic graphics. It is focused on engrossing the player in the story and with the characters. It involves some point and click battles, which is necessary for the setting it takes place in, but it is heavily focused on choice.Everything you do in the game has an effect. Whether it be from not giv ing someone a portion of rations or choosing to side with someone in an argument. The game world adapts to the choices you make and it all relies on the player. With such involvement the player finds themselves greatly committed emotionally to all facets of the game. The involvement tests a lot of boundaries with human emotion. â€Å"It explores the depths of human tolerance, dissecting what it means to survive in the worst possible scenario, and what it means to keep someone you love alive in the same situation. (Joystiq) Through this, it evokes incredible emotion from the player. Video games can even mix elements of many other artistic media. Taking that into account, video games can do everything that all other artistic media can, but it can be packaged into one outlet. You get the wonderful story and script of a wonderfully written book but with you as the main character, effecting the world how you see fit. The stories of video games have become increasingly more complex and c ompelling. They even draw interest of film and novel writers and elements from other artistic works.The Walking Dead: The Game from Telltale Games is a great example of this. The video game draws from The Walking Dead television series on AMC and the television series draws from a graphic novel with the same name. This franchise is a great example of how different artistic media can draw from each other. All instances of the series are written by Robert Kirkman, the creator of the graphic novel series. The mainstream success of all these series are a testament to how the art that is The Walking Dead can be conveyed with great success whether it be the novels, the show or the game.Another great example of a writer of film getting interested in video games is John Milius, writer of Apocalypse Now (1979) and Red Dawn (1984) being a story consultant to the video game closely related to his screenplays, Homefront (2011). You get the epic landscapes and imagery of film but with the freedo m to explore and interact with it. In the game Far Cry 3 (2012) you play as Jason Brody and you are on an island called Rook Island which is inspired by a real tropical island. You are abducted along with your friends and you escape, determined to rescue all of them.The game is open-world, which gives the freedom to do almost anything within the limit of the game world. You don't even have to follow the games' story, which has received critical acclaim. You can explore the absolutely stunning scenery of the island, you can go hunt the local wildlife, you can go climbing or even sky-diving. The setting is very appealing and draws you in like any film would but also allows you to interact and do whatever you wish with the world given to you. There are also games that allow you to interact with the world without even starting to play the real game.Call of Duty: Black Ops (2010) has an interactive section at the main menu of the game. If you were to mash certain buttons enough, you were able to walk around the room that the main menu is taking place in. You can even walk over to an arcade machine and play a game inside of the game. The same can be seen in the newest instalment, Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 (2012) a similar section can be seen where you can interact with the world to play multiple games from the original Atari gaming console. You also the get the beautiful noise of the in-game sound effects and soundtrack.The audio of video games has evolved from simple, silly sounding noises and no dialogue to complete orchestral scores throughout the game and Hollywood famous actors voicing in-game characters. Actors that have made the transition to video games include Sam Worthington of in Call of Duty: Black Ops 1 and 2, Seth Green in the Mass Effect series and Burt Reynolds in Saints Row: The Third (2011). The sound of a video game has come from the game Pong that only has three noises, the sound of the ball hitting the paddle, the sound of the ball hitting the s idelines and then the sound of a point being scored.This can not be attributed to be art as far as audio goes. In contrast, the soundtrack for Journey (2012) has been nominated for a Grammy. Gaming soundtracks have evolved to the point of having individual tracks for certain situations or scenes that involve an entire orchestra, much like a film. The soundtrack for Journey is among the company of other artistic wonders in film as well as sound such as The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Hugo (2011), and The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo (2011).All of these media combine to form the art that is video games. Now that the ground for all the aspects of a video game being art have been established, which games fall into that category and reinforce that ideal? Many games fall under all the criteria but some stand out when it comes to the different aspects. The creativity of video games is very evident throughout almost all video games but it is much more evident in the games of Mass Effect and De ad Space 2 (2011).Mass Effect creates this vast world that includes multiple races, new planets and interesting lore that embody great creativity in video games. Creativity is also given to the players who are able to customize the character and how the character acts which dictates events and action within the story world. Dead Space 2 creates a vast world as well with great lore and the thought of where humanity would go as far as a space society. The game also talks about the issue of religion governing the state. This comes up in many ways including the game's main conflict.The game also draw on the very interesting and creative aspect of not knowing if certain things are really happening, much like the game Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem (2002). The sanity of the character is never really certain and you are constantly doubting yourself as well as what is occurring. When it comes to emotional engagement, two games stand out. The Walking Dead: The Game and Heavy Rain (2010). The Walking Dead: The Game engages the player in an extravagant world with interactive environments and characters.It engages you with the characters and deals with realistic issues regarding the time and place while developing an emotional connection to the story and characters. By the time the game is complete, you are torn through all the choices you've made and with the emotionally testing relationship between Lee, the character you play as, and Clementine, the little girl you take care of throughout the game. The other game that engages the player emotionally in a great way is Heavy Rain. The game puts the the player in the shoes of Ethan and tests what the player is willing to go to to save his son.You have the ability to push the character through the trials that reveal where his son is being held but with more information being revealed the closer to death Ethan becomes. As far as including all the artistic media, many games stand out. When it comes to the great writing of novels and screenplays, games such as The Walking Dead: The Game and Homefront use the talents of credited author and screenwriters to convey a great story through rich dialogue. The interactivity of games and beautiful set pieces is shown through games such as Far Cry 3 and Red Dead Redemption (2010).In these worlds, great freedom is introduced which allows you to do really anything you desire through the many different characters, wildlife and locations the game introduces. Great strides in audio are introduced through games such as Mass Effect that include voice-actors such as Seth Green of Family Guy and Yvonne Strahovski of Dexter and the beautiful sounding and Grammy nominated soundtrack of Journey. In conclusion, the dominant ideology that video games are not art is a thing of the past.Through the emotional engagement of games today, video games evoke as much emotion as any other work of art. Through it's creativity and ability to create any universe as you see fit, much like other media. Video games also combine many different forms of media to create a brand new artistic form that is video games. They use great set pieces, beautiful audio through orchestra or voice over. Video games have evolved greatly from small beginnings and the list of examples is increasing very quickly. Through all these reasons and examples, video games are art.Clarke, Andy, Videogames and Art. Chicago: Intellect Books, 2007. Conditt, Jessica â€Å"The Walking Dead Episode 5 review: All the time in the world† Joystiq. 26 Nov 2012, 8 Dec 2012 Ebert, Roger â€Å"Video Games cannot be Art. † Roger Ebert's Journal. 16 Apr 2010, 8 Dec 2012 ;http://blogs. suntimes. com/ebert/2010/04/video_games_can_never_be_art. html; Helgeson, Matt â€Å"The Great Debate: Are Games Art? † Game Informer. 1 May. 2012, 8 Dec 2012 ;http://www. gameinformer. om/b/features/archive/2012/05/01/the-great-debate-are-games-art. aspx; Melissinos, Chris, The Art of Video Games: From Pac-ma n to Mass Effect. New York: Welcome Books, 2012. Tavinor, Grant 2005. â€Å"Videogames and Interactive Fiction,†Ã‚  Philosophy and Literature  April 2005, vol. 29, no. 1. Tavinor, Grant 2009. The Art of Videogames. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Young, Robert â€Å"Gaming's first Grammy nomination† Neoseeker. 5 Dec 2012, 8 Dec 2012

Cognates of Cognition

Cognates of Cognition Cognates of Cognition Cognates of Cognition By Mark Nichol Cognition is the use of mental processes such as learning, remembering, thinking, and understanding. It stems from the Latin verb cognoscere, meaning â€Å"become acquainted with.† Not every word with the letter string â€Å"c-o-g† is related, but quite a few are. Details about cognition’s cognates follow. But first, a look at the construction of the words. The syllable cog isn’t the basis of terms related to knowing and thinking; cognoscere consists of co- and gnoscere; that word means â€Å"come to know.† Know itself is cognate with gnoscere and the Greek verb gignÃ… skein- the basis of gnome, best known as the name of a subterranean dwarflike creature in folklore but also a synonym for maxim, and gnosis, a word referring to spiritual knowledge that is also the root of prognosis (literally, â€Å"foreknowledge†) and diagnosis, meaning â€Å"identification† or â€Å"analysis.† Cognate itself is not cognate with cognition: It means â€Å"related,† and stems from the Latin word nasci, meaning â€Å"to be born,† and is cognate with nascent (and native). Nor is cognomen, which means â€Å"nickname† or â€Å"additional name† and derives from the Latin noun nomen, meaning â€Å"name.† Interestingly, cogent, meaning â€Å"necessary† or â€Å"urgent,† and especially its cognate cogitation, which means â€Å"intent thought,† are also unrelated to cognition; they derive respectively from the Latin verb agere, meaning â€Å"drive,† and its frequentative (repeated or recurrent) form agitare, which is also the origin of agitate. Another word with a distinct etymology is cog, referring to a tooth on a wheel in a gear mechanism and probably borrowed from a Scandinavian language. Words in the cognoscere family in English include recognition (literally, â€Å"knowing again†) and precognition (literally, â€Å"knowing before†); the latter was the unusual ability of the Precogs in Steven Spielberg’s film Minority Report and the Philip K. Dick short story on which it is (loosely) based. Two other words that are related- unexpectedly so- are reconnaissance (â€Å"military survey†) and that word’s verb form, reconnoiter, both adopted from French but ultimately stemming from recognoscere, the Latin origin of recognize. Other relatives are cognizance (â€Å"awareness,† â€Å"acknowledgment,† or â€Å"responsibility†) and recognizance, derived from an earlier sense of reconnaissance (â€Å"acknowledgment†) and used in legal contexts in phrases such as â€Å"released on his own recognizance† to indicate that someone recognizes his obligation to appear in court at a later date. Connoisseur (â€Å"expert†), from French, and its Italian cousin cognoscente (which in English developed a separate sense of â€Å"someone in the know†) are also related, as are incognito (â€Å"unknown,† from Italian and referring to being in disguise or anonymous or using a false name) and â€Å"terra incognita† (literally, â€Å"unknown land†), taken directly from Latin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor3 Types of Headings10 Terms for the Common People

Roberto Clemente essays

Roberto Clemente essays There are no heroes, there are men who achieve deeds of heroic dimension (43). Those words that Gallico said describe what a hero for me is. To achieve deeds of heroic dimension a person need to have qualities of heroic dimension such as self sacrifice, perseverance,and going beyond the normal. Roberto Clemente Walker is the hero that I picked. Clemente was born in Barrio San Anton in Carolina, Puerto Rico in August 18, 1934. He was an African-American Puerto Rican who suffered prejudice but overcame it successfully. He had a very difficult life but he still prevailed as an extraordinary baseball player and as a person. Clemente is a hero with the heroes qualities of self sacrifice, perseverance, and going beyond the One of the most important qualities of a hero is self sacrifice and fortunately my hero has it. Clementes self sacrifice when helping others was outstanding. He even died trying to help others because of an earthquake in Nicaragua in 1972. Clemente decided to go and take them medical supplies, clothing and food even though the weather was extremely bad. His airplane crashed just after take off and Clemente and all the passengers died. Another example of Clementes self sacrifice involves his carrer. No one gets to his level without hard work, and Clemente was not an exception. He practiced so he could be the. He said I want to be remembered as a player who gave all he had to give (4). Another important quality of a hero is perseverance and Clemente had a lot of it.Clemente was an African-American Puerto Rican trying to reach the major leagues. At the time he played, there was a lot of prejudice against African-Americans and even more against Puerto Ricans. Despite that prejudice, Clement ignored all people critics and reach the highest level a ...

Author Main Goal ACT English Questions

Author Main Goal ACT English Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Generally, ACT English tests two things: grammar and reading comprehension. Author main goal is a specific type of reading comprehension question that appears frequently on the ACT. Having a systematic approach to correctly answer these questions will boost your score and help you maximize your limited time to complete the ACT English section. Read this article for a thorough explanation of and guidance on how to figure out author main goal questions. In this post, I'll do the following: Define author main goal questions. Provide example questions from actual ACTs. Explain the process to answer specific author main goal questions. Provide general strategies for answering author main goal questions. General Construction of Author Main Goal Questions Author main goal questions are all presented in the same way, displayed bleow. Knowing the type of question you are being asked will help you to be able to answer it. Suppose the writer had intended to write an essay about (something). Would this essay fulfill that goal? A. Yes, because... B. Yes, because... C. No, because... D. No, because... As you can see, these questionsrequire you to understand the main idea of the passage. To answer them, you first have to determine if the main idea matches the intended main idea that's presented in the question. Then, you have to determine why the passage fulfills the author's intended purpose or why it doesn't. Now, let's take a look at specific author main goal questions from actual ACTs. Real Examples of Author Main Goal Questions Here are examples of three different author main goal questions from the ACT English section. You'll notice that all of the questions have the same construction. Example #1: Example #2: Example #3: Now that you can recognize an author main goal question, I'll teach you the process to correctly answer any author main goal question you may encounter on the ACT. The arrow should be pointing down. Strategy for Answering Author Main Goal Questions On the ACT English section, always save the main idea questions for last. After doing the other questions, you should be able to more quickly determine the main idea and have a better sense of what the passage is about. Luckily, these questions are normally at the end of a passage's set of questions. Remember that time is precious on this test, so we want to make sure that we have a strategy for approaching these questions that will be as efficient as possible. I believe that following these steps will help you maximize your time and arrive at the correct answer. Step #1: Determine the Main Idea So, how do you determine the main idea? Well, you should not reread the entire passage. Doing so will take way too much time, and it isn't necessary. If you're unsure about the main ideawhen you begin to tackle an author main goal question I recommend usingthe following strategiesto quickly and efficiently identifyit: Look at the Title The title often gives an indication about the scope or focus of the passage, allowing you to more easily determine the main idea. In Example #1 from above, the title is "An American Griot". Therefore, we know the focus will be on a griot from America. The passage defines a griot so we can incorporate that information in determining the main idea. Sentence #6 in the passage from the first example question provides the definition of a griot: Indeed, she identifies strongly with the griots of West Africa- those village storytellers where they use songs, poems, and narration to help preserve and transmit culture and history. So, based on the title,we know that the passage is about an American storyteller. However, what should you do if you're still unsure about the main idea? If the Title Doesn't Give You the Main Idea, Reread the First Few Sentences of the Passage Here are the first couple of sentences from Example #1: [1] When storyteller Mary Carter Smith practices her art and everybody listens. [2] Wearing a brightly colored African dress, a large turban, and bracelets, the seventy-eight-year-old Smith seems to inhabit each of the different characters she describes. Given these two sentences and the title, we know that the passage is about an American woman named Mary Carter Smith who does a specific type of storytelling. In very rare instances, you may have to read more if you're still unsure of the main idea. Main ideas can also be found in the concluding paragraph or in the introductory sentences of other paragraphs. Remember, though, that you want to find the main idea of the whole passage. Just because something is mentioned in the passage doesn’t make it the main idea. After identifying the main idea, this is the next step: Step #2: Look at the Question Again Here's our question from Example #1: At this point we know the main idea and can use that information to answer the question. Identifying the main idea enables you to very quickly answer the first part of the question. Step #3: Start With Just the Yes or No Portion of the Question In our example, if we know that the focus of the essay is on Mary Carter Smith, who does a specific type of storytelling, would the essay fulfill a goal of focusing on the various ways that storytelling influences community values? No. Even though the ways that storytelling influences community values can be part of this essay, that’s not the focus. The focus is on Mary Carter Smith. After correctly answering the first part of the question, you have at least a 50% chance of getting the question right. Step #4: Eliminate the Two Choices that State â€Å"Yes† if You Know the Answer is â€Å"No," and Vice Versa In our example, we can immediately get rid of A and B. Now we're left with only two answer choices. All we have to do is determine why the passage doesn't fulfill the author's intended goal. Step #5: In Your Own Words, State Why "Yes" or Why "No" I would say that this essay wouldn't fulfill the goal of focusing on ways that storytelling influences community values because it focuses on Mary Carter Smith and her storytelling. Now that we have a reason, we can select the answer to the question. Step #6: Pick the Answer Choice That Most Closely Matches Your Reasoning Answer choice D most closely matches our reasoning. It's the only â€Å"No† answer choice that mentions that the essay focuses on a specific person, Mary Carter Smith, and her storytelling. While this may seem like a lot of steps, this whole process should take less than a minute, and these main idea questions typically take longer to answer than the sentence/paragraph reference questions in ACT English. Let's go through this process again with another author main goal question from an actual ACT. Unlocking the mystery of author main goal questions Another Actual ACT Example This is a real question from a real ACT. Check it out. First, we'll determine the main idea. The title of the passage is "Notes From Underground". From the title, we do know that the focus is about something underground. However, the title tells us little else, so we'll have to read the first couple of sentences. Here they are: A lot of people hate to ride the New York City subways, but I love them because I like to get places fast. A musician balancing a cello case, two Buddhist monks in saffron robes, and a group of stockbrokers in crisp, charcoal gray suits get on at Wall Street. Just from the first two sentences we know that the narrator loves the subway because it’s fast and there are many different types of people who ride it. After answering the other non-main idea questions, you would have probably noticed that the paragraphs are about the various people the narrator encounters on the subway. There's no mention of how economical the subway is in the introductory paragraph, so the focus is not that the subway is New York City’s most economical means of public transportation. Therefore, the answer is â€Å"no." Immediately, we can get rid of A and B. In our own words, the passage isn't about the subway being the most economical means of public transportation because it focuses on the author’s description of the many types of passengers on the subway and his encounters with them. Finally, we'll look at C and D to determine which answer choice most closely matches our own reasoning. Answer choice D is definitely incorrect. From the title and the first couple of sentences, we know that author is focusing on subways. Answer choice C matches our reasoning and is the correct answer. Let's review the process for answering author main goal questions. Quick Review of General Strategies for Author Main Goal Questions #1: Determine the Main Idea #2: Use the Title and the First Couple of Sentences to Determine the Main Idea #3: Answer "Yes" or "No" First #4: Eliminate the Two "Yes" or "No" Answers #5: Provide Your Own Reason for "Yes" or "No" #6: Pick the Answer Choice that Most Closely Matches Your Own Reasoning At this point, you should be much more comfortable with author main goal questions and one step closer to total ACT domination! What's Next? If you want to learn about another type of reading comprehension question on the ACT English section, check out this post on author technique. Also, as you continue your preparation for the ACT, you most definitely want to read these articles on the best ACT prep books and learn from a perfect scorer about how to get a perfect score on the ACT. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Remedies and Restitution Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Remedies and Restitution Assignment - Essay Example In reviewing the tort of negligence and the alleged prevalence of the â€Å"blame culture†, it is important at the outset to consider the theoretical justification for fault based liability in tort, which has arguably extended the concepts of duty of care, which in turn has fuelled a blame culture. To this end Hassan El Menyawi propounds that such an evaluation is essential to a meaningful comparison of the arguments for and against a no fault scheme in the tort of negligence: â€Å"On a formalist account, a theory of justification stands for the idea that law is not merely a huge collection of separate and disparate norms, but a cohesive social arrangement, which is describable in the form of one or more several moral values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We adopt this methodology and account for tort law by exploring a variety of distinct justifications3†. This concept of â€Å"moral values† underpins the current fault based liability for negligence in the framework of a system of â€Å"corrective justice†. The fundamental difference between the corrective system and the no fault system of distributive justice relates to the legal approach to the structure of interactions. For example, corrective justice centres on the â€Å"transaction4† between two parties, whereas distributive justice is rooted in a distribution whereby compensation is awarded to members of a group. As such, Weinreb5 comments that: â€Å"To take a modern example, the legal regime of personal injuries can be organised either correctively or distributively. Correctively, my striking you is a tort committed by me against you, and my payment to you of damages will restore the equality disturbed by my wrong. Distributively, the same incident activates a compensation scheme that shifts resources among members of a pool of contributors and recipients in accordance with the distributive

Top Origin and Destination Locations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Top Origin and Destination Locations - Essay Example Unemployment: the unstable conditions in Mexico due to lack of stable economy has led to an increase in the number of people unemployed yearly. This has facilitated the increase in the number of the Mexican citizens who migrant to USA to seek better employment opportunities. However, this is ironical due to poor skills the immigrants have in handling the jobs available. This leads to most of the immigrants finding themselves jobless even after migration to USA (Alexander, pg6). Wealth: Most of the people in USA are admired due to the perception that the people live in comfort and luxury. This has been a key factor that pull people to migrant to USA to seek these luxuries and comfort those citizens of the USA tend to enjoy (Alexander, pg5). Employment: USA for a long period of time has been acquiring employees from Mexico due to industrious nature of the Mexican citizens. Again the unemployment in Mexico has further contributed to their curiosity to migrant to USA to seek these opportunities for them to prosper in life in terms of wealth generation and happiness. In conclusion, the USA government tends to employ most of the Mexican due to their hand working character. Poverty: The level of poverty in Michigan is very high. This has resulted from poor governance and economic hardships in the state. Most of the cities in this state are very insecure and this discourages investment back into the state. Violence: This state has experienced lots of violence in form of murder, rapes, assault by the police and armed robbery. This has led to lose of hope for people living in this state propelling them to look for better places to live like Texas near Dallas. Texas is a state in USA blessed with lots of industries. The natural oils and gas are produced in this state creating lots of job opportunities for people. Besides employment opportunities, lots of income is generated in this

Socially Just Conditions for Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Socially Just Conditions for Learning - Essay Example In the sphere of education it is especially important to focus on social aspects, because teachers are responsible for upbringing and educating of new globalized citizens. Therefore, sociological implications of pedagogical practices should be correlated with political and cultural regulations of the country. Socially just pedagogies are focused on education of students with disabilities, from socially unfavorable families and environment. As far as we know it: â€Å"Educators †¦ should reject forms of schooling that marginalize students who are poor, black and least advantaged. This, points to the necessity for developing school practices that recognize how issues related to gender, class, race and sexual orientation can be used as a resource for learning rather than being contained in schools through a systemic pattern of exclusion, punishment and failure (Rossi, 2004). Consequently, we can see that now it is time to change social aspects of pedagogies for tolerant and multi- faceted educational practices. Teachers should take into account a student’s will for knowledge, improve and advance it and not to oppress him because of social stereotypes or perverted social patterns (Ukpokodu, 2007). Children impairments Children with physical or cognitive impairments are often criticized by classmates and in this case a teacher should be a â€Å"trigger† of tolerant and correct behavior in relation to a child. There is a marginalized disposition of students with disabilities and modern researches and studies are focused on reconceptualization of the students’ â€Å"inclusion† in the educational process (Chubbuck, 2009). A fundamental nature of impairment and disability should be promoted as a form of social artifacts. Another important measure to be taken by the modern teachers is to interpret pedagogical doctrines within social and globalized contexts. To begin with, teachers should realize the fact that their students, which are gen erally positioned as skilled and productive individuals, may be not â€Å"able†. Moreover, concerning students with disabilities, it should be noted that they require more help, patience and tolerance from their teachers. In accordance with the study conducted by Christensen, Young, & Marchant (2007): â€Å"An inclusive society, therefore, is not a society of equals in a principled way, but a society in which everyone has the qualities to meet her needs in an entrepreneurial way† (p. 82). Modern approaches of teachers to education A people-centered approach is the most relevant step to be taken by teachers in the beginning of educational practices change. A teacher should be positioned as a mentor, helping to bridge an inner emotional gap within a student with special needs. There are two important questions for each teacher: â€Å"what do my students see?†, â€Å"what are their real ideas in the educational process?† Consequently, education in the modern globalized context is moving from telling students what is true to asking students what it true. Children have their own opinion. They have their own voice and it should not be suppressed in the educational process. A socially just teacher is a mentor, who has an ability to listen to his students and take into account their ideas (Keeffee and Carrington, 1996). I can further claim that a teacher’s socially just practices are being developed under the influence of childhood impressions. In my

Graduate Reflection paper 6(a,b,c,d,e,f) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Graduate Reflection paper 6(a,b,c,d,e,f) - Essay Example Central to a leaders continued ethical behavior is their willingness to a continue their own professional development. The process of professional development can take many forms, including online classes and/or seminars, face to face classes, seminars, workshops and more. However, professional development will also include continued reading, research and education, to make sure that he leader stays current on policies, procedures and new opportunities for client care. Professional development means that a leader hones any professional skills that are needed to keep them fresh and open to new ideas. When a leader continues their professional development, they are able to assist employees who want to develop their careers. They also bring fresh ideas to meetings and provide innovative ideas at the right time to allow the organization to grow. In my situation, my continued professional development has allowed me to make better ethical decisions about how patients and families should be treated. I work for a religious nonprofit organization that has the same values that I have so my ethical behavior is easy to articulate. Because my ethical beliefs and my religion are similar to the organizations, I can more freely make decisions about how to handle employees, patients and their families that automatically fall in line with the organizations values and religious beliefs. Professional development in an organization must start with an understanding of its goals and objectives and with the leaders understanding of the vision statement. Luc (2009) suggests that a vision statement: When comparing this information to ethical professional development, it occurred to me that the vision statement is important to the organization to set the foundation for leaders to begin their understanding of why they need to continue their professional development. The reason for this is that the vision

Waste Management Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waste Management Practices - Essay Example However, they were not enough to solve the sanitary problems of the ever-increasing generation. The MSW generation rate increased from 2.7 pounds per person per day in late twentieth century to around 4.5 pounds per person per day (United States, 2002). It then stabilized to this amount due to various policies and methods of efficient management strategies. The inception of The Solid Waste Disposal Act and later, Environmental Protection Agency were two important milestones, since they led to talks and ideas about waste disposal which lead to reduction in generation and proper management. Source reduction was also one of the methods deployed by the United States. It aimed to design products that reduced toxicity upon wastage and included reuse of products and composting of yard trimmings. This greatly reduced the generation of MSW. Another method that dealt with management of waste and reduction in MSW generation is recycling, and the tax levy. Recycling involved recycling of plastic and paper – a method commonly used and promoted to date and tax levies led to reduction in disposal of waste. Thus, these milestones have promoted in creating a more sanitary, healthy United States of

Graduate Reflection paper 6(a,b,c,d,e,f) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Graduate Reflection paper 6(a,b,c,d,e,f) - Essay Example Central to a leaders continued ethical behavior is their willingness to a continue their own professional development. The process of professional development can take many forms, including online classes and/or seminars, face to face classes, seminars, workshops and more. However, professional development will also include continued reading, research and education, to make sure that he leader stays current on policies, procedures and new opportunities for client care. Professional development means that a leader hones any professional skills that are needed to keep them fresh and open to new ideas. When a leader continues their professional development, they are able to assist employees who want to develop their careers. They also bring fresh ideas to meetings and provide innovative ideas at the right time to allow the organization to grow. In my situation, my continued professional development has allowed me to make better ethical decisions about how patients and families should be treated. I work for a religious nonprofit organization that has the same values that I have so my ethical behavior is easy to articulate. Because my ethical beliefs and my religion are similar to the organizations, I can more freely make decisions about how to handle employees, patients and their families that automatically fall in line with the organizations values and religious beliefs. Professional development in an organization must start with an understanding of its goals and objectives and with the leaders understanding of the vision statement. Luc (2009) suggests that a vision statement: When comparing this information to ethical professional development, it occurred to me that the vision statement is important to the organization to set the foundation for leaders to begin their understanding of why they need to continue their professional development. The reason for this is that the vision

Interpretive Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interpretive Paper - Assignment Example In this sentence, the active verbs that have been identified include take, go, and offer. In this sentence, the cause and the effect have also been displayed. The cause in this case is taking your son where as the effect is offering the son as a sacrifice. In the third verse, Abraham woke up early in the morning, has his ass saddled, then took two young men and his son. The first observation in this sentence is a list. The list is identified when Abraham took two men and Isaac. The sentence shows out some active verbs including rose, took, cut, arose, and went3. The passive voice that has been displayed is saddled. In the third verse, Abraham lifts up his eyes and found out that the place was a far off. After this Abraham told his young men to remain with the ass as he and the lad went yonder to worship the Lord. Abraham took the burnt offering, wood, and had it laid on Isaac his son. He then took a knife and fire in his hands. At this instant, Isaac asked the father where the lamb w as as they already had wood and the fire4. Abraham responded to his son’s question by ensuring him that the lamb for the sacrifice would be given out by God. They then went ahead together. In this regard, the lamb is a figurative speech. The lamb represents a sacrifice of salvation that the human race need to give it willingly to God. Another observation in these sentences is the use of passive and active verb. Some of the active verbs include stay, go and worship among other verbs. After arriving at the place where God had directed Abraham, he established an alter, laid the wood, bound his son Isaac, laid him on the alter on the wood5. This statement represents a list of items such as establishing an alter, laying wood, and bounding Isaac. After this, Abraham took a knife and was ready to slay Isaac. Before he slaid his son, an angel from the God called him and asked him not to do anything to him, as the Lord had already confirmed that Abraham feared the Lord from the fact t hat he did withhold his only son. When Abraham looked behind him, there was a ram. He took the ram then offered it as a sacrifice. He then named that place that God would provide. Then the Angel of God called Abraham the second time. He said to him that, though, he had sworn because Abraham did that, and did not withhold his only son. He added that he will bless him, multiply his descendants, like heaven stars, and as the seashore sand. He also added that Abraham descendants would possess their enemies’ gates. Abraham descendants in all the earth nations would bless themselves as Abraham had obeyed God. After this Abraham returned towards his young men and they rose, went together to Beer-Sheba thus Abraham lived in Beer-sheba. The main topic in this chapter is that God normally tests his people. In the chapter, Abraham was tested by God. His name was changed from Abram which meant exalted father towards Abraham that meant a multitude’s father6. In this chapter, God as ks Abraham to pursue something that was going to tamper with his new name. The words ‘Here I am’ is an idiom from Hebrews that in meant to mean availability. The next words to identify is ‘the land of Moriah’ that could be interpreted to mean the land of worship. A burnt offering is a term of Hebrews that could be replaced by the term holocaust which implies a sacrifice that is totally burned7. When Abraham work up early in the morning, it means there was no hesitation in walking up that

Black and White Photography Essay Example for Free

Black and White Photography Essay Black and white photography can be misunderstood in a modern artistic perspective. This type of photographic depiction is captivating and speaks through the image into the mind where it processes the lack of color by visualizing the depth and contrast vividly. An image that used in colorless photography was seen prior to the 20th century as the normal way to take pictures, but now we have color photography. However, photographers are still finding that black and white images are important to documentation, art, and photojournalism. Black and white photography is a technique that creates a unique impression upon the viewer that cannot be seen in traditional color photograph. No one has to be an expert to realize when looking at a black and white image, that it is something out of the ordinary. â€Å"Black and white and color photography are two different languages. † (Hass 14) Looking at two images side by side, one black and white and one color, the color photograph may be striking, although when just glancing that opinion may be true but looking at them for a long period of time, the colorless picture will prove its self by composition using shadows and highlights. The darkness that seems to be apparent in a black and white photograph usually brings the viewer to believe it is sad and depressing but that opinion is in the eye of the beholder, can a photograph of a sunset be sad and depressing just because it is in black and white? â€Å"The ultimate truth is that the black and white digital photography can make the world look completely different from what it is through the human eyes† (Jelling 1). Many digital photographers actually prefer to shoot images intentionally being black and white, in low contrast situations. So a dark or overcast day can be a great time to shoot out door shots. Most of the time for black and white photography, after the image is taken, it doesn’t need to be photo shopped or edited because the beauty stands on its own. In a color photograph, a lot of editing has to be done because of all the complex colors and shades. For example, red eye can be seen in a color photograph but cannot be seen in a black and white photograph. Many visual tools are used in a colorless photograph including: form, tone, texture and pattern. All of these visual tools are more prominent because there is nothing to take away from the original art of what has been captured. In a color photograph, the color is stealing the viewer’s attention or distracting it away from being a great photo and the appeal of the image is less in the art and more in the color. The viewer is more fascinated with the pretty colors than the deep truth that a black and white image beholds. Color is seen as a major distraction to the overall â€Å"mood† of the picture, when color is removed, the subject can be seen much better. â€Å"What does black and white convey to the viewer? Separateness and coolness with overtones of art, age and credibility† (â€Å"In Living Color† 1). Anyone can see the difference a black and white image holds, it is clear that there is a difference and the subject stands out unlike a color photograph where only the color is seen as a whole, in black and white, what is trying to be seen is clear. â€Å"Light and dark are the fundamental photographic components. Black and white was once the only kind of image available. However, a black and white image contains more than just black and white, light and dark, it has a full range of tones from paper white through light, mid and dark greys to dense black. (Prakel 15). â€Å"Black and white Photography always gives one the feeling of looking at real art. While sometimes bad photographers use the method (of using black and white photography) to cover their inability to take a good shot, in the hands of a true master, black and white shows the best photography can offer. † (Enk and Delbos 1). Unlike the average person taking pictures in black and white, professionally done black and white photographs can be stunning and nothing like any other type. Many photographers regard colorless photography as the purest form of photography available, even compared to still life. The definition of black and white photography is any type of photography in which form, tone, texture, and pattern are the main focus of attention in a photograph. Color depicts reality and with a colorless photography it is unrealistic, meaning the human eye cannot see what the camera sees, we see color in everything but a colorless photograph shows us what we cannot see. It allows the viewer to interpret reality through a photographic medium. Black and white images are, by their nature, abstract and can tolerate much more tonal manipulation without sacrificing realism because it works in a spectrum of black and white and everything in between. â€Å"The sheer beauty of a well-lit black and white frame is hard to beat because it’s difficult to produce that type of focus and simplicity when you’re shooting in color. † (Caterson 1) Lighting is a major part of black and white photography; it redefines the image into something great. Light turns an average picture into a magnificent one, if he lighting is done right. Shadows play an important role in the composition of a black and white photograph. That is why black and white photographers shoot their pictures in a very well lit environment. † I suppose I would describe black and white, or monochrome photography as a filter. It fitters out the color so you become aware of the light, the shadows, the composition and not the color. † (Caterson 1) â€Å"Seeing is not enough; you have to feel what you photograph. â€Å" Andre Kertesz, Photographer. The most prominent aspect of a black and white image is the feeling the viewer gets from looking at something that has color but has been taken and made into something that is made of greys and shades of contrast instead of what was a bright red is now black, for example. The feeling is usually somber and dark but can be taken as a good thing because the darkness portrayed comes from the instinctiveness of a black and white photograph being from history and the old days; black and white photography is associated with history because that was the only kind of photography available at that time. Selenium toned, silver-based, black and white photographs have an inherent depth, luminosity, and 3-D quality, unlike that produced by any other process† (Olssen 70) â€Å"Just as in the media of the written word we have poems, essays, scientific and journalistic reports, novels, dramas and catalogues, so with photography we touch the domains of science, illustration, documentation and expressive art. † Ansel Adams Photographer. â€Å"Color photography of actual settings overwhelms with its specificity and leaves little to no room for distance and thereby for theory† (Sassen 438). Distance is something that color photography has trouble with grasping. Distance comes from the monochrome parts of an image that create the depth form a fade of one color. Shadow can be seen in that one color usually being grey in black and white and in color it turns out to be a mixture of colors that confuses the image as being movement instead of just distance. â€Å"The two form a striking juxtaposition that is a testament to the stark power of black and white photography to capture the range and depth of ascetics, emotions and, often unbeknown to its subjects, history. (Enk and Delbos 1) The credibility of black and white photography may seem to be fading away, although it is sure to shine as it did in the history books, telling its story so vividly. As important as it was then it is an art that has been extremely perfected throughout the years, it is now what no one thought it would become. It was thought to never return as color photography arose but even in the coming years, it will prove itself to viewers just as it did in the days when it was famous.

Evaluating Nutrition Information on the Internet

Evaluating Nutrition Information on the Internet Critiquing Instructions Found on the Web: Choose one nutrition-related website from the list under Website A and one nutrition-related website from the Website B list (see page 3). Evaluate each of these sites by completing the chart below.   Website A Website B Complete URL address http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/021313p38.shtml http://www.weightloss.com/WeightLoss/index.html Title of website Today’s Dietitian Weightloss.com What is the source of the website? Who is responsible for the site (.gov, .edu, .com, .net)? Great Valley Publishing Company, Inc. It is a .com Genentech USA, inc It is also a .com Comment on the sites authority – what are the author’s credentials? Aglaà ©e Jacob, MS, RD is a freelance writer who specializes in diabetes education and digestive health, and is currently studying naturopathic medicine in Toronto. The website does not state who the author is. Genentech describes their work as, they â€Å"use human genetic information to discover, develop, manufacture and commercialize medicines to treat patients with serious or life-threatening medical conditions.† How current is the website? Provide the publication or copyright date. The websites copyright date is 2014 The articles issue date is Feb 2013 The websites copyright date is 2014 What is the websites main purpose: commercial (to sell), informational, educational, persuasive, entertainment or a hoax? I would put it in more of an informative/persuasive website with a little bit of a commercial undertone. Even though it doesn’t have third party advertisements to sell you products it is still trying to promote the sales of the magazine. Todays Dietitianis a magazine for nutrition professionals to inform them about changes in the nutrition world. To help an individual lose weight. I would put it in more of an educational/persuasive/commercial website. Even though it doesn’t have third party advertisements to sell you products it is still trying to promote its own weight loss medication. It isn’t entertaining or a hoax. The first 5 tabs the website is just trying to help a person start the process of losing weight. It gives you step by step directions on how to talk to your doctor about losing weight; it teaches you how to read a food label. It even quizzes you about fat facts. On the very last tab â€Å"helpful tools† it does tell you to talk to your doctor about their weight loss medication Xenical. Are there advertisements? Is the site selling any products? If so, what is it? There are no outside advertisements but the website does promote its own subscription. No products are being actually sold on the weightloss.com website but it does suggest that you talk to your doctor about their weight loss medication. Interestingly enough if you go to the parent company’s website and look under â€Å"product information† the weight loss medication isn’t listed. Only under the â€Å"for patients† â€Å"our medication† tab does it show Xenical as a product they manufacture. Summarize the main point(s) of the website. The main point of this article is that there is a possible connection between autoimmune diseases and the over absorption of incompletely digested protein and antigens in the intestinal lining. The first tab is how to talk to your doctor. The second tab is all about eating healthy and how to do so. The third tab is about exercise how to create a plan and get started. The fourth tab is to be positive and how to stay positive. The fifth tab â€Å"helpful tools† has the sales pitch for Xenical. Who is the target audience? Registered dietitians, athletes, medical doctors, moms, students, etc. Clinical dietitians, consultant dietitians, clinical nutrition counselors, foodservice managers, certified diabetes educators, primary health coaches, and pharmaceutical professionals. Also distributed to hospitals, educational facilities, nursing homes, government agencies, food companies, and correctional facilities. Overweight individuals. Comment on the overall visual appearance of the website. (Is there any pictures or illustrations?) The webpage is bright and colorful. On the top it has a bright green color with images of droplets of water and a ghost image of a fern leaf, to me making it look fresh. In the actual article we see the magazine’s cover of the issue when the article was published. It’s a very boring website in the way of appearance. The actual interactive portion of the website doesn’t even take up a whole page. There are total of 4 pictures of happy â€Å"normal healthy† people and they change when you go through the different tabs. Comment on the writing style. Is there any persuasion? What kind of language is used? Is it poorly written? Provide an example. It is very informative and detailed. There is a scientific base with the studies and theories. At one point it does go into more of a persuasive article when it states that â€Å"according to the theory† â€Å"Once gluten is removed from the diet, serum zonulin levels decrease, the intestine resumes its baseline barrier function, the autoantibody titers are normalized, the autoimmune process shuts off and, consequently, the intestinal damage heals completely.† As that is someone’s opinion and not a fact, as of yet. It’s an easy to read website, no big words. It explains each somewhat technical word so anyone can understand. It does put a lot of emphasis on getting the information from your doctor. It is definitely pushing you to go to your doctor’s office to work up your weight loss plan and goals. â€Å"When it comes to your weight and your health, your doctor is there to advise you that losing excess weight should be an important priority. So talk to your doctor. Together you can find ways to manage your weight successfully.† Are there links to other reliable sites such as a bibliography and /or references? If so, how many references are listed? Yes there are references. There are a total of 5 references. No references, but under the â€Å"nutritional guidelines† tab they do mention that they got the information form 6 reputable websites. Here is a set of common dietary guidelines offered by six national health organizations* *The American Heart Association, the American Cancer Society, the American Dietetic Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Institutes of Health, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition Summarize: Comment on the overall differences you observed between the two websites. Would you utilize either of the site’s nutrition information personally or recommend it to another person? Explain using at least one specific example from each site. Refer to Table C1-3 in the textbook . The overall differences that jump out to me is that the webpage â€Å"Today’s Dietitian† seems more put together and I feel that someone has actually put effort into it so people will take it seriously. It looks more professional, it has better colors, it’s brighter, and way more open about who is responsible for it. I would recommend the website Today’s Dietitian because it is the more reputable of the 2 websites. â€Å"Weightloss.com† does seem like it has correct information and great recipes for a low-fat diet, but it just doesn’t have the references and sources to back up its information, whereas, â€Å"Today’s Dietitian† shows where and how it got its information at the end of the article. Plus â€Å"Weightloss.com† puts a lot of the information onto your doctor, it pushes you too see your doctor because that’s the only way to get their medication is by prescription. Website A http://www.gssiweb.com/ Choose one article under the Sports Science Library to review. http://www.cancer.org/Healthy/EatHealthyGetActive/index?ssSourceSiteId=null Review one article under Eat Healthy and Get Active http://www.jissn.com/ Review any open access article http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/021313p38.shtml Article on Gut Health and Autoimmune Diseases http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/pdf/1479-5868-10-20.pdf Research on time spent sitting related to chronic diseases Website B http://www.muscleandstrength.com/articles/main.html Choose one article to review that is related to health and nutrition http://www.weightloss.com/ http://www.kriskris.com/how-to-lose-weight-fast/ http://www.mothernature.com/library/ency/index.cfm/id/1033009 http://www.latimes.com/features/health/fitness/la-he-obesity-cancer-20100322,0,2957276.story http://www.proteinpowder.net/

The Effect of Divorce on Children Essay -- Papers Marriage Cause Kids

The Effect of Divorce on Children Divorce, once uncommon in our society, is now becoming more and more frequent, disrupting our children's state of well-being. Some children of divorced families have long-term behavior problems such as depression, low self-esteem, poor school performance, acting out, and difficulties with intimate relationships. Children with divorced or divorcing parents often have a sense of abandonment, because their parents become too preoccupied with their own psychological, social, and economic distress that they forget about their kids? needs (Lamb and Sternberg, 1997). In 1988, Professor Jeanne Dise-Lewis conducted a survey of 700 middle school students. The students were asked to rate certain events as to the stress they causes. The death of a parent or close family member was the only thing that outranked divorce (Zinsmeister, 1996). A divorce in the family creates a major life change for most children. Loss of contact with friends, schoolmates, neighbors, teachers, and sometimes m oving to a new location may bring a lot of psychosocial stress upon the children, and that stress can be very harmful. Since the divorce boom started in the 1960?s, father-mother divorces have increased at an alarming rate. Today more than 1,000,000 kids experience a divorce in the family every year in the United States alone (U.S.A. Today, p. 8). As a result of the divorce, many children live in single-parent homes. This usually results in a drop in income for the family. Remarriage creates step families. Children often have a hard time adjusting to this new situation. Many of the remarriages end in divorce. As children see these marriages end, they may become more likely to accept divorce as they ente... ...e parents. "Divorce is now the single largest cause of childhood depression. Marital disruption, quite clearly, can wound children for years" (Zinsmeister, 1996). References Doob, Christopher Bates, Sociology, and Introduction, 5th ed. (Fort Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997), p 142. Driedger, Sharon Doyle. (1998) After Divorce [On-Line] Available: http://gw3.epnet. com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost Lamb, Michael E. and Sternberg, Kathleen J. (1997) The Effects of Divorce and Custody Arrangements on Children?s Behavior, Development and Adjustment [On-Line]. Available: http://gw3.epnet.com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost ?Minimizing the Effects of Divorce on Kids,? U.S.A. Today May 1996: 8. Zinsmeister, Karl. (1996) Divorce?s Toll on Children [On-Line] Available: http://gw3.epnet.com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost

Development Of A Surface Runoff Prediction Model Environmental Sciences Essay

The on-going enlargement of urbanised countries has placed increasing accent on related H2O direction jobs such as implosion therapy and pollution control. Urbanization increases the imperviable land country in a part, which in bend, decreases infiltration, increases overflow, and decreases the clip during which overflow occurs. Liu et al. , ( 2004 ) stated that as a watershed becomes more developed, it besides becomes more hydrologically active and in so making, changes the inundation volume, overflow constituents every bit good as the beginning of watercourse flow. The consequence is that inundations that one time occurred infrequently during the pre-development periods frequently become more frequent and more terrible due to the transmutation of the watershed from rural to urban land utilizations. Previous research has besides shown that urbanisation and the addition in imperviable surfaces increases peak discharge ( Ferguson and Suckling 1990 ; Booth and Jackson 1997 ) . Galster et al. , ( 2006 ) examined the effects of imperviable surfaces within urbanised landscapes on river discharge within drainage countries and found it to be nonlinear for extremum flows in little urbanised countries. The survey was conducted in two immediate and physically similar water partings in east-central Pennsylvania but which had different per centum urban land usage ( 20 % and 3 % severally ) , and tested the premise that discharge exhibits a additive or close additive relationship with drainage country ( hundred ~ 1 ) for an urbanised water parting. Linear grading of discharge with drainage country has the deduction that all parts of the drainage basin contribute about the same volume of H2O at about the same rate as either overflow or as recharge to the H2O tabular array ( Fleckenstein et al. 2004 ) . Galster et al. , ( 2006 ) argued that in the urban watershed they studied, they observed that the part of H2O from each unit of the drainage country was non equal with the downstream urbanised country lending a greater volume per unit country than the upstream forested or rural countries over the clip period represented by the extremum flows. The decision was hence that urbanisation reduces the infiltration capacity and increase overflow.Runoff DeterminationRunoff is generated by rainstorms and the happening and measure are dependent on the features of the peculiar rainfall event, i.e. strength, continuance and distribution. Water making the land surface infiltrates into the dirt until it reaches a phase where the rate of rainfall ( strength ) exceeds the infiltration capacity of the dirt. The infiltration capacity of the dirt depends on its texture and construction, every bit good as on the antecedent dirt wet status. The initial infiltration capacity of a dry dirt is hig h but, as the storm continues, it decreases until it reaches a steady value termed as concluding infiltration rate. [ The procedure of overflow coevals continues every bit long as the rainfall strength exceeds the existent infiltration capacity of the dirt but will halt every bit shortly as the rate of rainfall beads below the existent rate of infiltration. The infiltration capacity of dirt will change depending on both the dirt texture and construction. Soil composed of a high per centum of sand consequences in rapid infiltration because these dirts have big, good connected pore infinites. Clay soils on the other manus have low infiltration rates due to their smaller pore sized infinites. However, there is really less entire pore infinite in a unit volume of coarse, flaxen dirt than that of dirt composed largely of clay. As a consequence, sandy dirts fill quickly and normally bring forth overflow quicker than clay dirts ( Ritter, 2006 ) Baharudin 2007. Ms. Thesis ] Ritter 2006 – The Physical Environment ]Impact of Urbanization on Infiltration CapacityInfiltration is the procedure by which precipitation percolates downward through the dirt and replenishes dirt wet, recharges the aquifers, and finally supports watercourse flows during dry periods. The rate of infiltration ( degree Fahrenheit ) is influenced by several factors which includes the type and extent of vegetive screen, the status of the surface crust, temperature, rainfall strength, physical belongingss of the dirt and H2O quality ( Viessman Jr. and Lewis 2003 ; Liu et Al. 2004 ) . Research has shown that one of the most outstanding land usage impacting hydrology is urban development ( Finkenbine et al. , 2000 ; Lee and Bang, 2000 ; Bledsoe and Watson, 2001 ; Rose and Peters, 2001 ; Brezonik and Stadelmann, 2002 ) . Surveies have besides shown that additions in the proportion of imperviable surface ( IS ) of 10 % may significantly impact watercourse hydrology ( Hammer, 1972 ; Hollis, 1975 ) . Hydrological effects of increased IS typically result in elevated quickflow coevals which produces both higher magnitudes and increase early extremums in storm hydrographs ( Dunne and Leopold, 1978 ; Hirsch et al. , 1990 ) . Goudie ( 1990 ) , describes urbanisation as the transition of other types of land utilizations associated with the growing of population and the economic system. This procedure has a considerable hydrological impact in footings of act uponing the nature of overflow and other hydrological features. Impact nevertheless varies harmonizing to the phase of development every bit good. In the early phases, the remotion of trees and flora may diminish the evapotranspiration and interception and may besides increase deposit in rivers. Subsequently in the development of these countries when building of houses, streets, and culverts Begins, the impacts may include reduced infiltration, lowered groundwater tabular array, increased storm H2O flows, and decreased base flows during dry periods. After the development of these residential and commercial edifices has been completed, increased impenetrability will finally cut down the clip of overflow and concentration so that extremum discharges are h igher and occur Oklahoman after rainfall starts in basins. The volume of overflow and inundation harm potency is hence greatly increased. Furthermore, the installing of cloacas and storm drains accelerates overflow. Pitt et al. , ( 2002 ) reported that natural infiltration is significantly reduced in urban countries due to several factors: the reduced country of exposed dirts, remotion of surface dirts and exposing subsurface dirts, and besides the compression of dirts during Earth traveling and building operations. The reduced countries of dirts are typically associated with increased overflow volumes and peak flow rates. Land usage and land screen alterations have both direct and indirect impacts on the hydrological rhythm, H2O quality, measure available to drinkable H2O, and clime. The four major impacts of land usage alteration includes: addition or reduced incidences of inundations and drouths, alterations in river and groundwater governments, and besides the negative or positive impact H2O quality ( Roger 1994 ; Kim et Al. 2002 ) . In add-on there are besides indirect impacts on clime and later impact on H2O quality and measure. Kim et al. , ( 2002 ) in a survey of land-use alterations at both NASA ‘s John F. Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) and the Indian River Lagoon ( IRL ) watershed, an addition in overflow of 49 % and 113 % severally from KSC and IRL over the period 1920-1990 was observed. Most of the addition in overflow came from urban landscape although increased agricultural land uses in the IRL besides contributed to increased overflow. Large differences in estimated overflow were due to differences in the sum of urban land usage within the several countries 35 % for the IRL versus 21 % for KSC. Harmonizing to Kim et al. , ( 2002 ) , land-use alteration can hold a dramatic impact on one-year overflow volume, therefore the effects of land-use alteration on one-year or long-run overflow should be considered in land-use planning.SCS CN methodThe sum of overflow produced by a watershed is chiefly controlled by both the ability of the dirt to â€Å" soak up † precipitation and the sum and type of vegetive screen found on the surface of the dirt. Acknowledging this, the United states Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) NRCS ( antecedently called the Soil Conservation Service, SCS ) developed in the 1950 ‘s a method for gauging the volume of direct overflow from rainfall. This figure varies from 0 ( rainfall bring forthing no overflow ) to 100 ( all rainfall runs off ) . The SCS curve figure is the most widely used method because of its comparative simplene ss. Curve figure defines the watershed storage and is determined for a watershed or sub-watershed preponderantly from the types of dirts, vegetive screen, and land-use features. The CN method is an empirical attack to gauging direct overflow and was developed for little agricultural water partings. During a rainfall event, there is a threshold which must be exceeded before overflow occurs and for this threshold to be exceeded, the storm must fulfill interception, depression storage, and infiltration volume. The rainfall required to fulfill the above status is termed initial abstraction ( Ia ) . It includes H2O retained in surface depressions, H2O intercepted by flora, and H2O lost to vaporization and infiltration. Initial abstraction is nevertheless extremely variable but is by and large correlated with the type of dirt and cover stuff. After rainfall begins, accrued infiltration additions with increasing rainfall up to some maximal keeping point and as rainfall additions, overflow besides increases. The ratio of existent keeping to maximal keeping is assumed to be equal to the ratio of direct overflow to rainfall minus initial abstraction. Mathematically the H2O balance of a storm event can be expressed as: for P & gt ; Ia ( Eq. 1 ) Where: F = existent keeping ( millimeter ) S = possible upper limit keeping ( millimeter ) Q = accumulated overflow deepness ( millimeter ) P = possible upper limit overflow ( millimeter ) I, = initial abstraction ( millimeter ) After overflow has started, all extra rainfall becomes either overflow or existent keeping ( i.e. the existent keeping is the difference between rainfall minus initial abstraction and overflow ) . F = ( P- Ia ) – Q ( Eq. 2 ) Uniting Equations 1 and 2 outputs ( Eq. 3 ) Field informations indicated that initial abstraction was by and large in the part of 20 % of the maximal keeping for an single storm. The standard premise used therefore is that Ia = 0.2S ( SCS 1985 ) , where â€Å" 0.2 † was based on watershed measurings with a big grade of variableness. Other research workers have reported utilizing values runing from 0.0 to 0.3 ( SCS 1985 ; Ponce and Hawkins 1996 ) . The original estimations of Ia were determined by deducting rain that fell prior to the beginning of watershed response from the entire rainfall, measured at the mercantile establishment ( SCS 1985 ) . Ia = 0.2S ( Eq. 4 ) This relation can be inserted into Equation 1 to give the followers: ( Eq. 5 ) The possible maximal keeping can run from nothing on a smooth, imperviable surface to eternity in deep crushed rock countries. The â€Å" S-values † can be converted to runoff curve Numberss ( CN ‘s ) by the undermentioned transmutation: ( when H2O deepnesss are expressed in inches ) or ( Eq. 6 ) ( when H2O deepnesss are expressed in millimeter ) Figure 1 shows the graphical solution of Equation 5, bespeaking values of overflow deepness Q as a map of rainfall deepness P for selected values of CN. For illustration, paved countries, S will be zero and CN will be 100 i.e. all rainfall will go overflow. For extremely permeable, flat-lying dirts, S will travel to eternity and CN will ‘ be zero i.e. all rainfall will infiltrate and there will be no overflow. Besides where entire effectual rainfall peers direct runoff the CN value will be 100. Figure 1. Graphic solution of Equation 4.5 demoing overflow deepness Q as a map of rainfall deepness P and swerve figure CN ( after SCS 1972 ) .Antecedent Moisture Condition, AMC ) .Antecedent wet status ( AMC ) is an indicant of the wetness of the watershed and the handiness of dirt wet storage prior to a storm. Ponce and Hawkins ( 1996 ) indicated that curve figure can be adjusted to gauge less overflow under dry conditions and more overflow under wet conditions. AMC hence, can hold a important consequence on overflow. Soil AMC is determined by the rainfall sum 5 yearss prior to the event of involvement. AMC 1 applies if the 5-day ancestor rainfall is less than 36 millimeter. AMC II and III refers to 5-day antecedent rainfall 36- 53 millimeter and greater than 53 millimeter severally.Hydrologic dirt groupsThe NRCS classified over 8,500 dirt series into four hydrologic groups harmonizing to their infiltration features. The hydrologic groups have been designated as A, B, C, and D and description of each dirt group are provided in the Table 1 below ;Table 1: Hydrological Soil Group and Infiltration CharacteristicsSoil GroupDescriptionInfiltration Rate( mm/h )DirtA Lowest overflow potency. Includes deep littorals with really small silt and clay, besides deep, quickly permeable loess. These dirts considered to hold a low overflow potency and a high infiltration rate even when exhaustively wetted, e.g. deep overly drained littorals and crushed rocks. 8-12 Sand, loamy sand, flaxen loam. Bacillus Reasonably low overflow potency. Mostly sandy dirts less deep than A, and loess less but the group as a whole has above-average infiltration after thorough wetting i.e. dirts have a moderate infiltration rate when exhaustively wetted e.g. shallow loess and flaxen loam. 4-8 Silt loam, loam. C Reasonably high overflow potency. Comprises shallow dirts and dirts incorporating considerable clay and colloids, though less than those of group D. The group has below-average infiltration after presaturation e.g. clay loams, shallow sandy loam and dirt with low organic content. 1-4 Sandy clay loam.CalciferolHighest overflow potency. Includes largely clays of high swelling possible, but the group besides includes some shoal dirts with about impermeable some shallow dirts with about impermeable subhorizons near the surface. These dirts have a high potency for overflow, since they have really slow infiltration rates when exhaustively wetted 0-1 Clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, flaxen clay, silty clay. Beginning: SCS, 1975 ; Schulze et al. , 1996Cover typeCover type affects overflow in several ways, the leaf and its litter maintains the dirt ‘s infiltration potency by forestalling the impact of the raindrops from sealing the dirt surface. Other factors, such as the per centum of imperviable country and the agencies of conveying overflow from imperviable countries to the drainage system should be considered in calculating CN for urban countries. Table 2 describes the CN value for a combination of land usage description and hydrologic dirt group.Table2. Land Use Description and Curve NumbersDescription of Land UseHydrologic Soil GroupAABacillusCCalciferolPaved parking tonss, roofs, private roads98 98 98 98Streets and Roadss:A A A A Paved with kerbs and storm cloacas 98 98 98 98 A A A A Gravel 76 85 89 91 A A A A Dirt 72 82 87 89Cultivated ( Agricultural Crop ) Land* :A A A A Without preservation intervention ( no patios ) 72 81 88 91 A A A A With preservation intervention ( patios, contours ) 62 71 78 81Pasture or Range Land:A A A A Poor ( & lt ; 50 % land screen or to a great extent grazed ) 68 79 86 89 A A A A Good ( 50-75 % land screen ; non to a great extent grazed ) 39 61 74 80Meadow ( grass, no graze, mowed for hay )30 58 71 78Brush ( good, & gt ; 75 % land screen )30 48 65 73Forests and Forests:A A A A Poor ( little trees/brush destroyed by over-grazing or combustion ) 45 66 77 83 A A A A Fair ( croping but non burned ; some coppice ) 36 60 73 79 A A A A Good ( no graze ; brush screens land ) 30 55 70 77Open Spaces ( lawns, Parkss, golf classs, graveyards, etc. ) :A A A A Fair ( grass covers 50-75 % of country ) 49 69 79 84 A A A A Good ( grass covers & gt ; 75 % of country ) 39 61 74 80Commercial and Business Districts ( 85 % imperviable )89 92 94 95Industrial Districts ( 72 % imperviable )81 88 91 93Residential Areas:A A A A 1/8 Acre tonss, approximately 65 % imperviable 77 85 90 92 A A A A 1/4 Acre tonss, approximately 38 % imperviable 61 75 83 87 A A A A 1/2 Acre tonss, approximately 25 % imperviable 54 70 80 85 A A A A 1 Acre tonss, approximately 20 % imperviable 51 68 79 84from Chow et Al. ( 1988 )Appraisal of CN values for Urban Land UsesUrbanized water partings are those in which imperviable surfaces cover a considerable per centum of an country. These imperviable surfaces include roads, pavements, parking tonss, and edifices. In these countries, natural flow waies in the water parting may be replaced or supplemented by paved troughs, storm cloacas, or other elements of unreal drainage. Urbanization therefore alterations a water parting ‘s response to precipitation. The most common effects are reduced infiltration and decreased travel clip which significantly increase peak discharges and overflow ( SCS 1986 ) . Urban CN values ( Table 3 ) were developed for typical land usage relationships based on specific assumed per centums of imperviable country. These CN valleies were developed based on the premises that ( a ) pervious urban countries are tantamount to crop in good hydrologic status and ( B ) imperviable countries have a CN of 98 and are straight connected to the drainage system. Some assumed per centums of imperviable country are shown in Table 3 ( SCS 1986 ) . Of involvement from Table 3 is the description used to sort residential countries. A widely used method of sorting urban land usage is the Anderson Level III categorization ( Anderson, et al. , 1976 ) , which makes the undermentioned differentiations: ( 1 ) low denseness residential land usage ( 0-5 brooding units per hectare ) , ( 2 ) medium denseness residential land usage ( 5-20 brooding units per hectare ) , and ( 3 ) townhouse-garden flat land usage ( & gt ; 20 brooding units per hectare ) . The definition for urbanised water partings used by Cappiella et Al. ( 2005 ) was countries holding more than 10 % entire imperviable screen. Impervious screen includes any surface that does non let H2O to infiltrate, such as roads, edifices, parking tonss, and private roads. Crawford-Tilley, et Al. ( 1996 ) on the other manus, used a residential denseness of three houses per hectare as a threshold for urbanised land usage. Many hydrologic theoretical accounts use the CN method to gauge direct overflow from Fieldss or water partings. However, change of the hydrologic dirt group due to the effects of urbanisation frequently consequences from compression lending to structural debasement of the dirt. In urbanised water partings, land surfaces frequently become less pervious due to perturbation of the established dirt construction ensuing in increased overflow. Thus the usage of the original dirt study information for urbanised countries is frequently a hapless premise because important compression and perturbation of the dirt that has taken topographic point chiefly due to earthwork operations ( Holman-Dodds et al. 2003, Gregory et Al. 1999 ) .Table 3 Runoff Curve Numbers for Urban AreasBeginning: Scandium 1986Determination of overflow volume on inclining landscapeWatersheds in the Caribbean and in many parts of the universe are characterized by inclining landscape. Factors that control infiltration rate i nclude dirt belongingss that are strongly affected by three forces. These forces are, hydraulic conduction, diffusivity and H2O keeping capacity. These dirt belongingss are related to the features of dirt texture, construction, composing, and grade of compression, which influence dirt matric forces and pore infinite. In add-on, antecedent wet status, type of vegetative or other land screen, incline, rainfall strength and motion every bit good as entrapment of dirt air are of import factors that besides affect infiltration rates.Minidisk InfiltrometerAccumulative infiltration, I, is described by the undermentioned map ( Eq.7 ) Where T is clip, C1 and C2 are parametric quantities specifying the sorptive and hydraulic conduction, severally ( Phillips, 1969 ) .Relationship between majority denseness and infiltrationThe Ocean County Soil Conservation District ( 2001 ) , in New Jersey, conducted a survey on the effects of dirt alteration and compression on infiltration rates during building operations in urban countries. This survey was to find whether the effects of building activities were sufficient to change the hydrologic dirt group categorization. Measurements of majority denseness and infiltration rates were conducted both in situ to and demo that as dirt majority denseness increases to 1.65 g/cm3, the infiltration rate lessenings quickly. The survey besides showed that with an addition in bulk denseness above 1.65 g/cm3, infiltration rate diminutions easy, nearing zero therefore ensuing in permeableness going the confining factor for infiltration into the dirt profile. The permeableness measurings were so used to develop a technique to gauge infiltration rates of densenesss non specifically measured. The expression from the unmoved informations derived from plotting the graph of permeableness against bulk denseness ( Figure 2 ) resulted in the undermentioned expression ; [ Permeability = ( 42198 ) ( Bulk Density ) -21.255 ] . Figure 2. Graph demoing the relationship between majority denseness and permeableness ( Ocean County Soil Conservation District 2001 ) The consequences indicated that the overflow from many late constructed lodging developments exceeds the simulated overflow based on the CN method utilizing undisturbed hydrologic dirt group values. The survey besides showed that the hydrologic dirt group at late urbanized sites that was recorded as dirt group A or B, based on dirt study informations and texture, recorded infiltration rates of less than 0.38 cm/hr, proposing Hydrologic dirt group C or D. The Ocean County Soil Conservation District ( 2001 ) survey concluded that building operations significantly compact the dirt, ensuing in the change of the hydrologic dirt group categorization. The survey hence recommended that contrivers and interior decorators should account for the effects of dirt compression when gauging overflow. Curse Holman-Dobbs et Al. ( 2003 ) besides observed that land surfaces have become less pervious due to perturbation of set up dirt construction in urbanised water partings, which consequences in increased flow. Treading promotes surface dirt compression and waterproofing ( Warren et al. , 1986 ) . The usage of the original hydrological dirt group value for urbanised countries is hence a hapless premise because earthwork operations frequently result in important compacted and disturbed dirt ( Gregory et al. 1999 ) . Soil infiltration trials on loamy dirts to analyze the effects of age of urbanisation on dirt infiltration rates were conducted by the Wisconsin Deptartment of Natural Resources and the University of Wisconsin. The preliminary trials consequences indicated that every bit long as several decennaries could be necessary earlier compacted loam dirts recover to conditions similar to pre-development conditions ( Pitt, et Al. 2002 ) . Pitt, et Al. ( 2002 ) hence concluded that really big mistakes in dirt infiltration rates can easy be made with the usage of published dirt maps are used along with available theoretical account for typically disturbed urban dirts, as these tools ignore the effects of compression. The writer farther stated that cognition of compression can be used to more accurately predict stormwater overflow measure, and to better design bioretention stormwater control structures. Dirts that are left au naturel due to urbanisation and addition traffic by occupants frequently consequences in dirt crusting and decreased infiltration. This was reported by Blackburn ( 1989 ) , who observed that exposure of bare dirt to climate fluctuations enhances dirt crusting and slaking and as a consequence, infiltration of dirts was lower on bare dirt than beneath trees and bushs. Holman et Al ( 2003 ) observed that dirt construction debasement on farms in England and Wales during land direction operations, such as ploughing or harvest home led to compression and structural harm of the dirt i.e. the transition of wheels over the dirt surface lead to compression of the upper parts of the surface soil. This compression leads to decrease in dirt H2O storage and infiltration capacity therefore cut downing the ability of the dirt to absorb rain and cause addition implosion therapy. For this survey dirt construction conditions were linked via the hydrological dirt group, dirt conditions and antecedent rainfall conditions to SCS curve Numberss to measure the volume of enhanced overflow in each catchment. Land usage controls the infiltration of dirts. Other surveies have besides shown that ploughing agricultural lands produces dirt compression ( Voorhes and Lindstrom, 1984 ; Blackwell et al. , 1985 ; Allegre et al. , 1986 ; Hartge, 1988 ) . Because denseness of the la rgest dirt pores is reduced by the compression mechanism, the infiltration rate is besides diminished ( Hartge, 1988 ) . Van Der Plas and Bruijnzeel ( 1993 ) observed that the impact of selected logging of the rain forest in Malaysia resulted in soils compression by tractor path well increased the frequence and volume of over land flow. The survey was done on 10-35 % inclining land mensurating the surface soil ( 0-30cm ) majority denseness and steady-state infiltration utilizing the dual ring method. Infiltration trial in the logged-over wood were made on former tractor paths and in the next retrieving forest. The consequences indicated that mean bulk densenesss increased with deepness in both woods ( scope in undisturbed wood: 0.98-1.26 g cm-3 and logged-over wood outside tractor paths: 1.11-1.35 g cm-3 ) . For the sparsely vegetated tractor paths fluctuation was much less ( scope: 1.31-1.37 g cm-3 ) . Topsoil majority denseness ( 0-18 centimeter ) was extremely correlated with steady-state infiltration rates and the mean values were 88 ( undisturbed wood ) , 73 ( retrieving forest ) , and 15 millimet ers h-1 ( 12-year-old tractor paths ) .Use of GIS in Watershed moldSeveral surveies have been done to integrate GIS into watershed hydrologic patterning. These can be grouped into: I ) calculation of input parametric quantities for bing hydrologic theoretical accounts ; two ) function and show of hydrologic variables ; three ) watershed surface representation ; and iv ) designation of hydrologic response units. Two of import countries where GIS has contributed to hydrological mold are that of hydrological stock list and appraisal and good as hydrological parametric quantity finding.Hydrological Inventory and AppraisalThe usage of GIS for hydrological stock list and appraisal involves the usage of GIS for mapping hydrological factors that pertain to some state of affairs, normally as a agency of hazard appraisal ( Maidment, 1993 ) . The developments in geographical information systems ( GIS ) engineering have coincided with moves within hydrology to supplying a more expressed account ing of infinite through distributed instead than lumped or topological representations. With GIS there is the ability to hive away, arrange, retrieve, classify, manipulate, analyze and present immense spatial informations and information in a simple mode. GIS supports spacial informations theoretical accounts and supply integration, mensurating and analytical capablenesss which are now been used in many hydrological applications runing from stock list and appraisal surveies to treat mold ( McDonnel, 1996 ) . Aspinall and Pearson ( 2000 ) used GIS to develop a series of indexs of H2O catchment wellness for the Yellowstone River in the Rocky Mountain USA, as portion of a geographic audit of environmental wellness and alteration at the regional graduated table. Sirnivasan et Al, ( 1998 ) identified GIS as one constituent to pull off spacial input and end product in the designing of a national river basin graduated table resource appraisal in developing the Hydrologic Unit Model for the United States ( HUMUS ) .Hydrological Parameter DeterminationThe usage of GIS for theoretical account parametric quantity appraisal is a really active country of research ( Maidment, 1993 ; McDonnell, 1996 ) . The aim is to find the parametric quantities that will be used as input into hydrological theoretical accounts by analysis of terrain and land screen characteristics such as incline, channel length, land usage and dirt features ( Maidment, 1993 ) . Digital lift theoretical accounts ( DEMs ) have become utile tools for hydrological mold in ungauged water partings because topographic parametric quantities can now be rapidly and expeditiously derived utilizing GIS. These topographic parametric quantities help to specify the construction of water partings which give a specific hydrological signature and drainage form. It can be shown that landform form and features influence the flow of H2O, transit of deposits and pollutants. GIS provide an environment within which topographic parametric quantities can be rapidly and expeditiously extracted for hydrological application and as a consequence, DEMs are progressively being used ( Armstrong and Martz, 2003 ; Martz and Garbrecht, 1998 ) . DaRos and Borga, ( 1997 ) stated that the application of GIS provides an efficient and accurate agencies for the rating of watershed features and deducing structural instantaneous unit hydrographs ( GIUH ) . The survey showed that hydrologic response of a watershed is influenced by many factors some of which include dirt belongingss ( e.g. , infiltration capacity, dirt deepness, and porousness ) , morphological belongingss ( e.g. , drainage country, incline, channel length, drainage denseness, and alleviation ratio ) , geologic belongingss ( e.g. , lithologic and structural geologic belongingss ) , and set down screen and land usage ( e.g. , per centum forest, agricultural, and urban screen ) . For ungauged catchments, structural instantaneous unit hydrographs have been proposed as a tool to imitate overflow hydrographs. Harmonizing to Olivera and Maidment ( 1998 ) , GIS provides tools that allow one to travel from lumped to spatially distributed hydrologic theoretical accounts. GIS provided an first-class environment for patterning spatially distributed hydrologic procedures. This is so because they have spacial maps in the vector and raster sphere ( some of which are specifically developed for hydrologic intents ) and a database direction system, which combined, let one to execute hydrologic mold and computations that are connected to geographic locations. Weng ( 2001 ) on the other manus used the advantage of GIS engineering for incorporating GIS with distant feeling engineering and successfully applied these engineerings to come up overflow patterning. His survey uses GIS to deduce two cardinal parametric quantities: rainfall and hydrological dirt groups. Based on these informations and land screen digital informations, the surface overflow images could be obtained through the map algebra and overlay maps of GIS. Thus, the integrating has automated the SCS mold. Similarly other surveies have demonstrated the usage of GIS-based systems to develop parametric quantity estimations ( Stuebe and Johnson, 1990 ; Green and Cruise, 1995 ; De Smedt et al. , 2000 ; Liu et Al, 2004 ; Olivera and Maidment, 1999 ) and for CN computation ( Engel, 1997 ; Xu, 2006 ; Gumbo et Al, 2001 ; Halley et al. , 2007 ) .CN Determination utilizing GISCraciun et.al ( 2007 ) in his survey tested a theoretical account of hydric overflow appraisal ( SCS CN ) , based on the calculus relation of hydric balance, in which GIS was used in the analysis of parametric quantities that compose the equation of the theoretical account. The parametric quantities which are included in the concretion of the hydric volume entered in the basin system can be customized and computed, successfully, by utilizing the GIS. Craciun et.al ( 2007 ) concluded that uniting GIS maps with the SCS-CN theoretical account, for analyzing the overflow on a watershed degree, can be an efficient solution in the context of a uninterrupted addition in the demand of calculating the hydric jeopardies. M. MANCINI & A ; R. ROSSO ( 1989 ) Calibration of Soil Conservation Service Curve Number ( CN ) is performed within a distributed model. This is based on the detailed information from the Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Spatial variableness of Curve Number has been investigated in order to analyze ( I ) the extension of local countries which can be taken as homogenous, ( two ) the common relationships among different countries in the basin, and ( three ) the local variableness of overflow estimations.Runoff HydrographHydrologist and applied scientists depend on measured or computed hydrographs to supply extremum flow rates that is so used to plan hydraulic constructions to suit flows safely. Hydrographs besides allows for the analysis of sizes of reservoirs, storage armored combat vehicles, detainment pools, and other installations that accommodate volumes of overflow ( Viessman Jr. and Lewis 2003 ) . A hydrograph is basically a secret plan of rate against clip with the country beneath the hydrograph between any two points in clip giving the entire volume of H2O go throughing a peculiar point of involvement during the clip interval.Unit of measurement HydrographThe construct of unit hydrograph was foremost introduced by Sherman ( 1932 ) and can be described as a hydrograph of stormflow from 1 unit of effectual rainfall happening at a unvarying rate over a peculiar period and some specific areal distribution over the watershed. The hydrograph demoing the ra tes at which overflow occurred can be considered a unit graph for a peculiar water parting ( Viessman Jr. and Lewis 2003 ; Brooks et Al. 1997 ) . As a watershed becomes more urbanised, the impact of increasing imperviable country, decreased potency for infiltration into the dirt, and loss of natural depression storage will alter the response to rainfall and therefore the form ( top out and clip base ) of the ensuing overflow hydrograph. Figure 3 shows the relationship between a storm or rainfall event the unit hydrograph developed and direct overflow. Runoff normally occurs after the initial abstraction or storage capacity of the dirt is satisfied. Figure 3: Relationship between storm, unit hydrograph, and direct overflow hydrograph ( McCuen 1989 )Rational MethodThe most widely used method for planing drainage installations for little urban and rural water partings is the Rational Method. Mathematically, the rational method relates the peak discharge ( Q ) to the drainage country ( A ) , the rainfall strength ( I ) , and the overflow coefficient ( C ) . Using this method, extremum flow is expressed as Qp = CIA ( Eq. 13 ) Where Qp = the peak overflow rate ( m3/sec ) C = the overflow coefficient ( dimensionless ) I = the mean rainfall strength ( mm/hr ) for a storm with continuance equal a critical period of clip technetium A = size of drainage country ( Km2 ) The value of C is dependent on the dirt, land usage screen status and rainfall features. Time of concentration ( tc ) of the water parting is the clip that is required for H2O to go from the most distant subdivision of the watershed to the mercantile establishment point one time the status of dirt impregnation and minor depressions are filled. Time of concentration influences the form and extremum of the overflow hydrograph and is affected by surface raggedness, channel form, flow form and incline. Time of concentration can be calculated utilizing the Kirpich method ( 1940 ) which was developed from SCS informations for seven rural basins in Tennessee. The water partings used in developing this expression had good defined channels and steep inclines ( 3 % to 10 % ) . The Kirpich expression is as follows: ( Eq. 14 ) Where: technetium = clip of concentration ( min. ) L = the maximal hydraulic flow length ( foot ) H = the difference in lift between the watershed mercantile establishment and hydraulicly most distant point in the water parting ( ft/ft ) The cogency of the rational method is based on the set of premises some of which are listed below along with identified failings ( Thompson et al. 2003 ; Viessman Jr. and Lewis 2003 )Premises in the Rational Method:Rainfall occurs at a unvarying strength over the full country of the watershed for a specific continuance that is at least equal to the clip of concentration of the water parting. Peak rate of overflow can be reflected by the rainfall averaged over a clip period equal to the clip of concentration of the drainage country. The return period of the overflow event is the same as the return period of the precipitation event.Failings of the Rational Method:Appraisal of technetium. Particularly critical for little watershed where technetium is short and alterations in design strengths can happen rapidly. Reflects merely the extremum and gives no indicant of the volume or the clip distribution of the overflow. Lumps many watershed variables into one overflow coefficient. Provides small penetration into our apprehension of overflow processes – particularly in instances where watershed conditions vary greatly across the water parting. This method is a great simplism of a complicated procedure ; nevertheless, the method is considered sufficiently accurate for overflow appraisal in the design of comparatively cheap constructions where the effects of failure are limited. Application of rational method is usually limited to water partings of less than 800 hour angle.SCS Triangular Unit HydrographThe SCS triangular unit hydrograph was developed by Victor Mockus in the 1950s and is used to build a man-made unit hydrographs. This hydrograph is based on a dimensionless hydrograph derived from analysis of a big figure of unit hydrographs which varied in size and geographic locations ( SCS 1972 ; Viessman Jr and Lewis 2003 ) . The hydrograph ordinate values are expressed as a dimensionless ratio of discharge to top out discharge ( q/qp ) and abscissa values are ratios of clip to clip to top out ( t/Tp ) ( Figure 4 ) . The SCS triangular unit hydrograph is frequently used in concurrence with CN overflow equation to transform overflow volume into matching discharge hydrograph ( Stone, 1995 ) . scs_uhg Figure 4: SCS Dimensionless unit hydrograph and mass curve ( SCS 1972 ) The dimensionless unit hydrograph can be represented by a triangular form. The relationships between major hydrograph constituents, presented in Figure 5, were derived for the geometric characteristics of a trigon. By utilizing the geometry of the trigons ( country = 1/2 base times height ) , the triangular unit hydrograph has 37.5 % ( or 3/8 ) of its volume on the lifting side and the staying 62.5 % ( or 5/8 ) of the volume on the recession side. scs_uhg_triangle Figure 5: Illustration of dimensionless curvilineal unit hydrograph and the tantamount triangular hydrograph ( SCS 1972 ) . The SCS CN method is based on constituents and their dealingss. The method requires the finding of the clip to top out and the peak discharge expressed as follows: ( Eq.15 ) Where: thallium = lag clip in hours cubic decimeter = length of the longest drainage way in pess S = ( 25400/CN ) – 254 ( CN = curve figure ) Y = norm watershed incline in % ( Eq.16 ) Where tp = clip from get downing of rainfall to top out discharge ( H ) D = continuance of rainfall ( H ) thallium = slowdown clip from the centroid of rainfall to top out discharge ( H ) The continuance of rainfall ( D ) can be expressed utilizing the undermentioned expression: ( Eq. 17 ) SCS ( 1972 ) relates clip of concentration ( technetium ) , to dawdle clip ( thallium ) , by: ( Eq. 18 ) The recession clip ( tr ) , and clip of extremum ( tp ) is related as follows: ( Eq. 19 ) H is a changeless and can be obtained from Table 5.Table 5: Hydrograph top outing factors and recession limb ratioGeneral DescriptionTop outing Factor( H )Limb Ratio( Recession to raising )Urban countries ; steep inclines 575 1.25 Typical SCS 484 1.67 Assorted urban/rural 400 2.25 Rural, turn overing hills 300 3.33 Rural, little inclines 200 5.50 Rural, really level 100 12.0 Beginning: Wanielista et Al. 1997 The base of the unit hydrograph can hence be calculated utilizing the undermentioned expression: ( Eq. 20 ) The extremum flow ( Qp ) is developed by come closing the unit hydrograph as a triangular form with basal clip of tp and unit country. Peak discharge can be written as: ( Eq. 21 ) Where Qp = extremum discharge ( m3/s ) A = drainage country ( mi2 ) tp = clip from get downing of rainfall to top out discharge ( H ) Steep terrain and urban countries tend to bring forth higher extremums that occur earlier ensuing in a peak factor be givening towards 600. Similarly, level swampy parts which tend to retain and hive away H2O, therefore doing a delayed and lower extremum may ensue in values be givening towards 300 or lower ( SCS 1972 ; Wanielista, et Al. 1997 ) . Table 5 illustrates the possible values for a hydrograph top outing factor and the associate ratio of the recession limb length to raising limb. CN values relate the sum of overflow produced by a watershed and is used to build man-made unit hydrographs. This hydrograph can so be used to steer the design standard for technology constructions. Figure 6 demonstrate that for different CN values the form of the hydrograph varies. At higher CN values there is a shorter clip to top out, a higher extremum value and a shorter recession clip. Design standards hence have to take into consideration these factors and therefore the demand for this methodological analysis to be calibrated to local conditions. Figure 6: Comparative hydrographs for different CN values ( Woodward et Al. 2003 )Model EvaluationModel rating involves standardization and proof and is frequently done through quantitative and qualitative steps that involve both graphical comparing and statistical trials. This is hence a procedure for consistently analysing the mistakes or differences between theoretical account anticipations and field observations. Tools are hence needed to do optimum usage of the information available in the information to place theoretical account construction and parametric quantities, and that allow elaborate analysis of theoretical account behaviour ( Wagner et al. 2001 ; Krause et Al. 2005 ) . These tools are frequently termed the efficiency standards for theoretical account appraisal Donigian and Rao ( 1990 ) describe patterning as comprising of three stages ( Figure 6 ) . The first stage ( stage I ) includes all the stairss needed to setup a theoretical account, qualify the water parting, and fix for theoretical account executings i.e. informations aggregation, theoretical account input readying, and parameter rating. Phase II is the theoretical account proving stage which involves standardization, proof, and, when possible, post-audit. Phase II is where the theoretical account is evaluated to measure whether it can reasonably stand for the watershed behaviour, for the intents of the survey. The last stage ( phase III ) includes the ultimate usage of the theoretical account, where it can be used as a determination support tool for direction and regulative intents. Figure 6: Mold Procedure Calibration and proof is of import because the result establishes how good the theoretical account represents the water partings, for the intent of the survey. Krause et Al. ( 2005 ) gave three grounds why hydrologists need to measure theoretical account public presentation: 1 ) to supply a quantitative estimation of the theoretical account ‘s ability to reproduce historic and future watershed behavior ; 2 ) to supply a agency for measuring betterments to the mold attack through accommodation of theoretical account parametric quantity values, model structural alterations, the inclusion of extra experimental information, and representation of of import spacial and temporal features of the watershed ; and 3 ) to compare current patterning attempts with old survey consequences.Efficiency CriteriaBeven ( 2001 ) define efficiency standards as mathematical steps of how good exemplary simulations fit the available observations. Efficiency standards in general, incorporate a summing up of the error term ( i.e. difference between the fake and the ascertained variable ) normalized by a step of the variableness in the observations. To forestall the canceling of mistakes with opposite mark, the summing up of the absolute or squared mistakes is frequently use. The consequence is an accent is on larger mistakes while smaller mistakes tend to be neglected. Examples of two efficiency standards frequently used are: 1 ) coefficient of finding ( r2 ) and 2 ) Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ( E ) .Coefficient of finding r2This can be defined as the squared value of the coefficient of correlativity and can be calculated as follows: ( Eq. 22 ) Where O = observed, P = Predicted The scope of r2 prevarications between 0 and 1 which depict how much of the observed is explained by the predicted. A value of zero means no correlativity, where as a value of one shows that there is perfect correlativity between the predicted and the observed. In utilizing r2 information is provided by the gradient B and the intercept a of the arrested development on which r2 is based. For a good understanding the intercept a should be near to zero which means that an ascertained overflow of nothing would besides ensue in a anticipation near nothing and the gradient B should be near to one. For a proper theoretical account assessment the gradient B should ever be discussed together with r2. To make this in a more operational manner the two parametric quantities can be combined to supply a leaden version ( w R2 ) of R2. Such a weighting can be performed by: tungsten r2 = |b| A · r2 for B a†°Ã‚ ¤ 1 |b|-1 A · r2 for B & gt ; 1 ( Eq. 23 ) By burdening r2 under- or over anticipations are quantified together with the kineticss which consequences in a more comprehensive contemplation of theoretical account consequences.Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ( E )Developed in 1970, the Nash- Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is defined as one minus the amount of the absolute squared difference between the predicted and observed values normalized by the discrepancy of the ascertained values during the period under which probes were undertaken. This coefficient can be calculated as: ( Eq. 24 ) A disadvantage with the standardization of the discrepancy of the observation series is that is consequences in comparatively higher values of E in catchments with higher variableness and lower values of E in catchments with lower variableness. The scope of E lies between 1.0 ( perfect tantrum ) and a?’a?z . An E value of lower than zero indicates that the average value of the ascertained clip series would hold been a better forecaster than the theoretical account. Legates and McCabe ( 1999 ) stated that the largest disadvantage of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency is the fact that the differences between the ascertained and predicted values are calculated as squared values. As a consequence larger values are strongly overestimated whereas lower values are neglected in a clip series. For the quantification of overflow anticipations this leads to an overestimate of the theoretical account public presentation during extremum flows and an underestimate during low flow conditions. To cut down the job of the squared differences and the ensuing sensitiveness to extreme values the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency E is frequently calculated utilizing logarithmic values of O and P. With the logarithmic transmutation of the overflow values the extremums are flattened and the low flows are kept more or less at the same degree. As a consequence the influence of the low flow values is increased in comparing to the inundation extremums ensuing in an addition in sensitiveness of lnE to systematic theoretical account over- or underprediction.